Back to: MBOSE Social Science Class 10

Manufacturing Industries : Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw material to more valuable products is called “Manufacturing”. For e.g. Cotton into cloth, Sugarcane into sugar, etc.
Industry: Industry refers to an economic activity that is concerned with the production of goods, extraction of minerals or the provision of services. For e.g. Textile (Manufacturing), Mining (Extraction of minerals) and Tourism (Service Provider).

The functioning of an industry depends on a system, known as the industrial system. An industrial system consists of inputs, process and outputs. For e.g. Cotton Textile Industry:

• Input: Cotton as raw materials, labour, costs of land, transport, power and other infrastructure.
• Process: Ginning, Spinning, Weaving, Dyeing, Printing, etc.
• Output: Cloth or garments wear.

Different categories of economic activity:

• Primary sector : those which involve activities ,extracting raw food from nature, eg : fishing food gathering 
• Secondary sector: Those which involve processing or manufacturing of this raw food eg : manufacturing of textiles. Secondary sector is also known as industrial sector. This sector contributes about 30% of the GDP.
• Tertiary sector: those activities providing services to people eg: The personal and business services such as clerks, barbers etc. are tertiary services. People engaged in these activities are called pink-collar workers.
• Quaternary services: The services which are provided in special environments are called quaternary services. For example, health services are provided into hospitals, hospitality services are provided in hotels, teaching service is provided into school and institutors, entertainment services are provided into theatres, software services are provided over internet or computers. The workers engaged in such services are called white-collar workers.

For ease of convenience, we can classify the location factors into two: geographical factors and non-geographical factors.

Geographical Factors

• Raw material: Availability of natural resource that can be used as raw material. Raw materials are one of the important factors in an industrial location. The mere location of industries itself may be determined by the availability or location of the raw materials.
• Technology: To turn the resource into an asset with value.
• Power: To utilize the technology. Power – conventional (coal, mineral oil or hydro-electricity) or on- conventional in nature is a necessity for any industrial establishment.
• Raw material: Availability of natural resource that can be used as raw material. Raw materials are one of the important factors in an industrial location. The mere location of industries itself may be determined by the availability or location of the raw materials.
• Technology: To turn the resource into an asset with value.
• Power: To utilize the technology. Power – conventional (coal, mineral oil or hydro-electricity) or on- conventional in nature is a necessity for any industrial establishment.

• Labour: Human resource in the area who can function as labor to run the processes. Availability of labor or skilled workforce is the success mantra for the growth of all industries.
• Transport : Road/rail connectivity. The site that is selected for the establishment of an industry must be flat and well served by adequate transport facilities. The finished goods should reach the market at the end of the process of manufacturing. Thus nearness to the market is an add-on quality in the process of selecting a location for industry.
• Storage and warehousing. The raw materials and finished good need proper storage facility in order to transport goods from one place to another.
• Marketing feasibility. Availability of easy transportation always influences the location of the industry. So the junction points of waterways, roadways and railways become humming centers of industrial activity.
• Availability of water and. Availability of water is another factor that influences the industrial location. Many industries are established near rivers, canals, and lakes, because of this reason. Iron and steel industry, textile industries and chemical industries require large quantities of water, for their proper functioning.
• Climatic condition of land and soil. – The climate of the area selected for the industry is important, very harsh climate are not suitable for the successful industrial growth.

Non-geographical Factors

• Capital investment. – Capital or huge investment is needed for the establishment of industries.
• Availability of loans. The location that has better banking facilities and Insurance are best suited for the establishment of industries.
• Investment climate. Industrial inertia is the predisposition of industries or companies to avoid relocating facilities even in the face of changing economic circumstances that would otherwise induce them to leave. Often the costs associated with relocating fixed capital assets and labor far outweigh the costs of adapting to the changing conditions of an existing location.
• Government policies/regulations. Government policies are another factor that influences industrial location. The government sets certain restriction in the allocation of land for industries in order to reduce regional disparities, to control excessive pollution and to avoid the excessive clustering of industries in big cities.
• Influence of pressure groups. Efficient and enterprising organization and management are essential for running modem industry successfully.

 It is rarely possible to find all these factors available at one place. Consequently, manufacturing activity tends to locate at the most appropriate place where all the factors of industrial location are either available or can be arranged at lower cost. In general, it should also be noted that both lower production cost and lower distribution cost are the two major factors while considering the location of an industry. Sometimes, the government provides incentives like subsidized power, lower transport cost, and other infrastructure so that industries may be located in backward areas.

Industries can be classified into the following categories :
(a) On the basis of capital investment:

• Large scale industries make large capital investment of more than one crore of rupees. They employ large नंबरs of people and use a large number of machineries, e.g. cotton textile.
• Small scale industries involve capital outlay of less than one crore rupees, employ a smaller number of labourers and use few power driven machineries, e.g. cycle parts manufacturing.

(b) On the basis of ownership:

• Public sector industries are owned and operated by government agencies, e.g. Rourkela Steel Plant.
•  Private sector industries are owned and operated by an individual or a group of individuals, e.g. Bajaj Auto Ltd.
•  Joint sector industries are jointly run by the state and individual entrepreneurs e.g. Oil India Ltd.
•  Cooperative sector industries are owned and managed by the producers and suppliers of raw materials or by workers. They pool in their resources and share the profits and losses proportionately, e.g., sugar industry in Maharashtra.

(c) On the basis of bulk or weight of raw material and finished products:

• Heavy industries use bulky raw materials and their finished products are also heavy, e.g., iron and steel industry.
  • Light industries use light raw materials and their finished products are also light, eg. electrical industries producing bulbs.

Following are the inputs, processes and outputs of the iron and steel industry:

• Inputs: Iron ore, Coal, Limestone, Manganese, Labour, Capital, Cite and other Infrastructure.
• Process: Converting iron ore into steel involves many stages. The raw material is put in the blast furnace where it undergoes smelting and then it is refined.
• Output: Iron and Steel is obtained which is used by other industries as raw material.

Industries are broadly classification into three types (i.e. On the basis of Raw Materials, On the basis of Size and On the basis of Ownership).
1. On the basis of Raw Materials: These types of industries are classified depending on the type of raw materials they use.

•  Agro Based Industries: Use plant and animal based products as their raw materials. E.g. Food processing, vegetable oil, cotton textile, dairy products, etc.
• Mineral Based Industries: Primary industries that use mineral ores as their raw materials. The products of these industries feed other industries. Iron made from iron ore is the product of mineral based industry. E.g. Iron & Steel, Cement, Machine, Tools, etc.
• Pastoral Based Industries: Use raw material’s from animals like, Sheep, goat, etc. These industries use skin, bones, flesh, etc. E.g. Dairy product industries, Leather industries, etc.
• Marine Based Industries: Use products from the sea and oceans as raw materials. E.g. processed sea food, fish oil manufacturers, etc.
• Forest Based Industries: Use forest produce as raw materials. E.g. pulp & paper, furniture. Pharmaceuticals, etc.

2. On the basis of Size: These types of industries are classified depending on the amount of capital invested, number of people employed and the volume of production.

• Large Scale Industries: In India, on an industry, if the capital invested is more than 1 crore, then it is called Large Scale Industry. E.g. Iron & Steel Industries, Automobile Industries, etc.
•  Small Scale Industries: In India, on an industry, if the capital invested is less than 1 crore, then it is called Small Scale Industry. E.g. Silk weaving, Food processing industries, etc.
• Cottage or Household Industries: These are a type of small scale industry where the products are manufactured by hand, by the artisans with the help of family members. E.g. Basket weaving, pottery, handicrafts, etc.

3. On the basis of Ownership: These types of industries are classified on the basis of ownership.

• Private Sector Industries: Owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals. E.g. Bajaj Auto, Reliance, etc.
• Public Sector Industries: Owned and operated by the government. E.g. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), Bharat Heavy Electronics Ltd. (BHEL), SAIL, etc.
• Joint Sector Industries: Owned and operated by the state and individuals or a group of individuals. E.g. Indian Oil, Maruti Udyog Ltd., etc.
•  Co-operative Sector Industries: Owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. E.g. IFFCO, Anand Milk Union Limited (AMUL) and Sudha Dairy, etc.
• Multinational Corporations: Setup in collaboration with foreign investors. Owned and managed by members of two or more countries. E.g. Coca Cola, Maruti Udyog Ltd., etc.

Factors that influence the location of any industry are:

(a) Physical Factors: Land, Water, Raw Material, etc.

(b) Human Factors: Capital, Power, Labour, Government Policies, Market, Technology, Transportation, Communication, etc.

Growth and development of the cotton textile industry in India: India has a glorious tradition of producing excellent quality cotton textiles. Before the British rule, Indian hand spun and hand woven cloth already had a wide market.

The Muslins of Dhaka, Chintzes of Masulipatnam, Calicos of Calicut and Gold-wrought cotton of Burhanpur, Surat and Vadodara were known worldwide for their quality and design. But the production of hand woven cotton textile was expensive and time consuming. Hence, traditional cotton textile industry could not face the competition from the new textile mills of the West, which produced cheap and good quality fabrics through mechanized industrial units.

The first successful mechanized textile mill was established in Mumbai in 1854, followed by Ahmedabad in 1859.The warm, moist climate, a port for importing machinery, availability of raw material and skilled labour resulted in rapid expansion of the industry in the region.

Initially this industry flourished in the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat because of favourable humid climate. Today, Coimbatore, Kanpur, Chennai, Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Kolkata, Ludhiana, Pondicherry and Panipat are some of the other important centres.

The information technology industry deals in the storage, processing and distribution of information through Radio, Television, Telephones, Cellular Phones, Computers, Laptops, etc.
Today, IT industry has become global and has become the fastest growing service industry in the world. IT industry is an emerging industry. Also, known as the Sunrise Industry.
Availability of resources, skilled workers, cost and infrastructure are the main factors responsible for the location of an IT industry.
The major hubs of the IT industry are the Silicon Valley and Bangaluru in India.

In which industries we need to invest crores of rupees: A small scale industry is defined with reference to the maximum investment allowed on the assets of a unit. This limit has changed over a period of time. At present the maximum investment allowed is rupees one crore. 

The sector owned by state or central government is called Public sector. This sector exists to provide services to its citizen and do not seek to generate a profit. The main aim included is to maximize the social welfare : – Indian Railways , State owned Electricity Board – like MeESCLIndustries based on agricultural products are called agro–based industries. Industries based on minerals are called mineral-based industries. Example of agro–based industry is sugar from sugarcane, cotton from cotton plants

Contribution of the textile industry in India – The textile industry is one of the leading sectors in the Indian economy as it contributes nearly 14 percent to the total industrial production.

The first cotton mill in India was established in 1818 at Fort Gloster near Kolkata but was a commercial failure. The second cotton mill in India was established by KGN Daber in 1854 and was named Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company.

In a developing country like India, the Cotton Textile Industry is very important, for it has to meet the demand for clothes of the Indians and exports too. The Cotton Textile Industry contributes nearly 30% of the value of exports, and employs more than 55 million labors. Some parts of India, viz., western and southern region are largely dependent on this industry. Besides, many people are engaged in either cotton production, or the garment industry, many factories produce the machines required for the cotton textile industry etc. Thus the Cotton Textile Industry is very important to India’s economy, directly or indirectly.

Problems faced by the textile industry are-

1)Power supply is erratic.

2)Low output of labour.

3)Machinery needs to be upgraded.

4)Transport system for the quicker transportation of raw material to the industry.

Contributions of the textile industry towards India’s economy are:

1) It generates employment.

2) Foreign exchange earnings. It contributes 4% towards GDP.

3) Increases industrial production by creating demands in other industries.

4) It is the only industry that is self-reliant and in the value chain that is from raw materials to valuable outputs.

The first jute mill was set up near Kolkata in 1855 at Rishra..

 (i) Jute is the second most important fibre crop of India. 

(ii) West Bengal, especially the Hooghly basin of the state, is the leading jute-producing area of the country on account of the well drained fertile soil of the floodplain which are renewed every year.

(iii) The climatic conditions with high temperature during time of growth and sufficient availibility of water have favoured jute cultivation in the Hooghly basin of West Bengal.

Major problems of Indian Jute Industries:

• High cost of production.
• Storage of raw Jute.
• Shortage of Power Supply.
• Growth of Jute mills in Bangladesh and loss of foreign marke.
• Emergence of substitute goods against gunny bags and loss of demand for jute goods both at home and abroad.

On the basis of ownership industries are classified into

• Private Sector: Industries are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals.
• Public Sector: Industries are owned and operated by the government, such as Hindustan Aeronautics Limited and Steel Authority of India Limited
• Joint Sector: Industries are owned and operated by the state and individuals or a group of Individuals. Eg Maruti Udyog Limited
• Cooperative Sector: Industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. Anand Milk Union Limited and Sudha Daity are examples of a Cooperative Venture

Any form of pollution that can trace its immediate source to industrial practices is known as industrial pollution. Most of the pollution on the planet can be traced back to industries of some kind. Industrial pollution is wreaking havoc on Earth. Every nation is affected, and there are people who are working tirelessly to increase awareness and advocate for change. The activities causing pollution include:

•              Burning coal

•              Burning fossil fuels like oil, natural gas, and petroleum

•              Chemical solvents used in dyeing and tanning industries

•              Untreated gas and liquid waste being released into the environment

•              Improper disposal of radioactive material

Causes of Industrial Pollution

• Lack of Policies to Control Pollution: Lack of effective policies and poor enforcement drive allowed many industries to bypass laws made by the pollution control board, which resulted in mass-scale pollution that affected the lives of many people.
  • Unplanned Industrial Growth: In most industrial townships, unplanned growth took place wherein those companies flouted rules and norms and polluted the environment with both air and water pollution.
  • Use of Outdated Technologies: Most industries still rely on old technologies to produce products that generate a large amount of waste. To avoid high cost and expenditure, many companies still make use of traditional technologies to produce high-end products.
  • Presence of a Large Number of Small Scale Industries: Many small scale industries and factories that don’t have enough capital and rely on government grants to run their day-to-day businesses often escape environment regulations and release a large number of toxic gases in the atmosphere.
  • Inefficient Waste Disposal: Water pollution and soil pollution are often caused directly due to inefficiency in the disposal of waste. Long term exposure to polluted air and water causes chronic health problems, making the issue of industrial pollution into a severe one. It also lowers the air quality in surrounding areas, which causes many respiratory disorders.
  • Leaching of Resources from Our Natural World: Industries do require a large amount of raw material to make them into finished products. This requires the extraction of minerals from beneath the earth. The extracted minerals can cause soil pollution when spilled on the earth. Leaks from vessels can cause oil spills that may prove harmful to marine life.
  • Natural Resource Use: Raw material is a must for industries, which often requires them even pulling out underground elements. One of the most common forms of leaching from natural resources is fracking for oil. When industries extract minerals, the process causes soil pollution and also causes oil leaks and spills that are harmful and even deadly to people and animals.

Effects of Industrial Pollution on Our Environment

• Water Pollution: The effects of industrial pollution are far-reaching and liable to affect the ecosystem for many years to come. Most industries require large amounts of water for their work. When involved in a series of processes, the water comes into contact with heavy metals, harmful chemicals, radioactive waste, and even organic sludge. These are either dumped into open oceans or rivers. As a result, many of our water sources have a high amount of industrial waste in them, which seriously impacts the health of our ecosystem. The same water is then used by farmers for irrigation purposes, which affects the quality of food that is produced. Water pollution has already rendered many groundwater resources useless for humans and wildlife. It can at best be recycled for further usage in industries.
• Soil Pollution: Soil pollution is creating problems in agriculture and destroying local vegetation. It also causes chronic health issues to the people that come in contact with such soil on a daily basis.
• Air Pollution: Air pollution has led to a steep increase in various illnesses, and it continues to affect us on a daily basis. With so many small, mid and large scale industries coming up, air pollution has taken a toll on the health of the people and the environment.
• Wildlife Extinction: By and large, the issue of industrial pollution shows us that it causes natural rhythms and patterns to fail, meaning that the wildlife is getting affected in a severe manner. Habitats are being lost, species are becoming extinct, and it is harder for the environment to recover from each natural disaster. Major industrial accidents like oil spills, fires, the leakage of radioactive materials and damage to property are harder to clean-up as they have a higher impact in a shorter timeframe.
• Global Warming: With the rise in industrial pollution, global warming has been increasing at a steady pace. Smoke and greenhouse gases are being released by industries into the air, which causes an increase in global warming.  Melting of glaciers, extinction of polar bears, floods, tsunamis, hurricanes are few of the effects of global warming.
• Biodiversity Loss: Industrial pollution continues to cause significant damage to the earth and all of its inhabitants due to chemical wastes, pesticides, radioactive materials etc. It affects wildlife and ecosystems and disrupts natural habitats. Animals are becoming extinct, and habitats are being destroyed.The increasing liquid, solid and hazardous wastes undermine ecosystem health and impact on food, water and health security. Industrial pollution disasters, including oil spills and radioactive leakage, take years to decades to clean up.
• Atmospheric Deposition: Cadmium enrichment of soil can also be associated with industrial pollution. Topsoils contaminated by mine spoil showed a wide range of Cd concentrations. Industrial effluents are commonly discharged to surface water drainage systems after clarification in tailing ponds. Recent investigations have disclosed very high concentrations of Cd in the overbank and bottom sediments of the rivers.

Ways to Control or Reduce Industrial Pollution

The issue of industrial pollution is critical to every nation on the planet. With the increase of the harmful effects of industrial pollution, there are many agencies and individuals who are working to reduce carbon footprints and live and work in an eco-friendly way.  However, industrial pollution is still rampant and will take many years for proper control and regulation. Many steps can be taken to seek permanent solutions to the problem.

• Source Control: Adopting new technology, efficient training of employees for safe use and development of better technology for disposal of waste, and being more conscientious about the use of raw materials can help control industrial pollution at the source.
• Recycling: Recycling as much polluted water in the industries as possible by increased recycling efforts to reduce industrial pollution.
• Cleaning of Resources: Organic methods should be adopted to clean the water and soil, such as using microbes that use heavy metals and waste as feed naturally. Cooling rooms or bins need to be developed that allow industries to recycle the water they need instead of pushing it back into the natural water source it came from.
• Industry Site Selection: Consideration of location of the sites and the potential impact on the surrounding environment can help reduce harmful consequences.
• Proper Treatment of Industrial Waste: By developing and implementing adequate treatment facilities for handling industrial waste and proper habits can reduce pollution.
• Rebuilding Habitats and Afforestation: Rebuilding habitats by planting more trees and plants can help give wildlife back their homes, and the trees can help purify the air with enough oxygen, and act as a buffer against the environment.
• Stricter Laws and Enforcement: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) works to correct the damage from industrial pollution. There should be more stringent rules to take action against the companies who do not follow proper protocol and more significant rewards for the companies who operate properly. It requires creating policies that prevent misuse of land.
• Regular Environmental Impact Assessments: Being a responsible company or industry should require regular environmental impact assessments that are reported for evaluation. If there are harmful impacts discovered during the review, necessary actions to correct the negative consequences should be developed and enforced.

Environmental degradation is the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as air, water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems; habitat destruction; the extinction of wildlife; and pollution.

Causes of Environmental Degradation

• Overpopulation and Over-exploitation of Resources : As the human population keeps on enlarging, there is a lot of pressure on the utilization of natural resources. This often causes over-exploitation of the natural resources, and contributes to environmental erosion. According to a study by the UNEP Global Environment Outlook, excessive human consumption of the naturally occurring non-renewable resources can outstrip available resources in the near future and remarkably destroys the environment during extraction and utilization. Overpopulation simply means more pollution and fast extraction of natural resources compared to how they are being replaced.
• Ruinous Agricultural Practices: Intensive agricultural practices have led to the decline in quality of most of our natural environments. Majority of farmers resort to converting forests and grasslands to croplands which reduces the quality of natural forests and vegetation cover. The pressure to convert lands into resource areas for producing priced foods, crops, and livestock rearing has increasingly led to the depreciation of natural environments such as forests, wildlife and fertile lands.
• Intensive agricultural practices destroy fertile lands and nearby vegetation cover due to the accumulation of toxic substances like bad minerals and heavy metals which destroy the soil’s biological and chemical activities. Runoffs of agricultural wastes and chemical fertilizers and pesticides into marine and freshwater environments have also deteriorated the quality of wild life habitats, natural water resources, wetlands and aquatic life.
• Landfills: One of the calamitous effects of landfills is the destruction of nearby environmental health together with its ecosystems. The landfills discharge various kinds of chemicals on the land adjacent to forest, various natural habitats, and water systems such as underground and surface water which makes the environment unappealing to the survival of trees, vegetations, animal and humans.
• It even interferes with the animals interactive food chains because the chemicals contaminate plants, and waters which are consumed by the animals. Besides the foul smell from the landfills and periodic burning of the wastes make living in such environments unbearable.
• Increase in Deforestation: The act of deforestation (cutting down of trees) has impacted on the world in terms of depreciating the natural environment and wildlife. It has also impacted on humans on the account of changes in environmental support processes such as weather conditions. Some of the reasons for deforestation include farming, construction, settlement, mining, or other economic purposes. For more than one hundrend years, the number of trees on the planet has plummeted, resulting in devastating consequences such as biodiversity loss, soil erosion, species extinction, global warming, and interference with the water cycle.
• Environmental Pollution: Most of the planet’s natural environments have been destroyed and a large portion is under huge threat due to the toxic substances and chemicals emitted from fossil fuel combustions, industrial wastes, and homemade utilities among other industry processed materials such as plastics. Land, air, and water pollution pose long-term cumulative impacts on the quality of the natural environments in which they occur.
• Seriously polluted environments have become insignificant in value because pollution makes it harsh for the sustainably of biotic and abiotic components. Pollution impacts the chemical compositions of lands, soil, ocean water, underground water and rocks, and other natural processes. Air pollution from automobiles and industries that results in the formation of acid rain which in turn brings about acidic lake is a good example of how the environment is degraded by pollution.
• Improper Land use Planning and Development : The unplanned conversion of lands into urban settings, mining areas, housing development projects, office spaces, shopping malls, industrial sites, parking areas, road networks, and so on leads to environmental pollution and degradation of natural habitats and ecosystems. Mining and oil exploration, for instance, renders land unusable for habitation and causes other forms of environmental degradation by releasing toxic materials into the environment. Improper land use has led to the loss and destruction of millions of acre of natural environments across the globe.
• Natural Causes: Despite the fact that environmental degradation is under normal circumstances associated with anthropogenic activities, natural causes are also contributors. Natural events such as wildfires, hurricanes, landslides, tsunamis and earthquakes can totally lower the survival grade of local animal communities and plant life in a region. These disasters can also destroy alter the nature of the landscape rendering it unable to support life forms on it. Besides, occurrences such as hurricanes and flooding can wash or force the migration of invasive species into foreign environments which can lead to its eventual degradation.

Effects of Environmental Degradation

• Impact on Human Health: Human health is heavily impacted by environmental degradation. Reduction in water quality is responsible for more than two million deaths and billions of illness annually across the globe. Due to environmental degradation, the results include water scarcity and decline in quality foods. Reduction in air quality is responsible for more than 300,000 deaths annually and millions of chronic diseases. Landfills increase the risk of hazardous materials getting into the food chain which causes biomagnifications and the ultimate risk of developing chronic diseases. Altogether, the toxic wastes and harmful chemicals from factories, agriculture and automobiles cause illnesses and death in children and adults.
• Poverty: In the majority of developing countries, poverty is attributed to poor crop harvests and lack of quality natural resources that are needed to satisfy basic survival needs. The inadequacy basic survival resources and lack of quality of food is the direct result of environmental degradation in the regions. Most vulnerability situations brought about by water shortages, climate change, and poor crop yields in developing countries are tied to environmental degradation. Hence, the lack of access to adequate basic needs such as water and food directly induce poverty.
• Atmospheric Changes: Environmental degradation can alters some of the natural process such as the water cycle and the normal processes of animal and plant activities. Also, environmental degradation aspects such as deforestation and mining destroy the natural land cover. This, together with air, water, and land pollution pose several atmospheric alteration threats. The alterations include global warming and climate change which can increase the risks of climatic natural disasters, and ozone layer depletion which increases the risk of skin cancer, eye disease, and crop failure.
• Loss of Biodiversity: Degradation of the environment has recorded a continued destruction of wild forests and the damage of natural ecosystems that has greatly contributed to the mass extinction of species. The number of threatened species persists to multiply worldwide whereas some have completely gone extinct. This is because of the human activities such as acidifying water systems, over-exploitation of natural resources, overpopulation, and the deliberate and indirect destruction of natural systems necessary for the survival of different species. These anthropogenic activities simply alter the natural process combined, thus, destroying the natural ecosystems supporting biodiversity.
• Scarcity of Natural Resources : Environmental degradation through aspects such as over-exploitation of natural resources, pollution, and deforestation can contributes to the scarcity of resources particularly arable land, water, genetic resources, medicinal plants, and food crops.